Vascular feature is regulated via way of means of many mobileular components, which includes endothelial cells (ECs), vascular clean muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial tissues with inflammatory cells, autonomic fearful system, and vasa vasorum

The name Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or uneasiness caused by coronary heart disease.  It happens while the heart muscle does not get as much blood as it requires. This generally occurs because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also termed as ischemia. Painful pressure, squeezing or pain in the Centre of the chest is generally caused by angina.  You can feel the discomfort in your neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm too. Angina in women can be dissimilar than in men.

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm occurred by fast and irregular beating of the atria. Often it initiates as brief episodes of abnormal beating which become longer and possibly constant over time. Often episodes have no signs; there may be heart-palpitations, lightheadedness, fainting and shortness of breath or chest pain. The disease is related with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia.

The most common variable risk factors for atrial fibrillation are high blood pressure & valvular heart disease. Additional heart-related risk factors comprise congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, heart failure and cardiomyopathy. In the evolving world valvular heart disease frequently occurs as a result of rheumatic fever. Lung associated risk factors contain COPD, obesity, and sleep apnea. Other factors comprise tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis and excess alcohol intake. However, half of cases are not related with any of these risks. A diagnosis is done by feeling the pulse and may be confirmed using an electrocardiogram.

During the minimally invasive heart surgery, heart surgeons are performing surgery by making small incisions in the right-side of the chest, without any cut through the breastbone which is an alternate to open-heart surgery. They operate between the ribs, which may result lesser pain and a quicker recovery for various people. In minimally invasive surgery, the heart surgeon may have a better view of some parts of your heart than in open-heart surgery. Alike to open- heart surgery, some minimally invasive heart surgery techniques might need to stop heart temporarily & diverting blood-flow from your heart using a heart-lung bypass machine. It may be done to treat a variety of heart conditions. This surgery isn't a choice for every individual, but it can offer potential benefits in those for whom it's appropriate.

The benefits include:

Less blood loss

Lower risk of infection

Reduced trauma and pain

Shorter time in the hospital, faster recovery and quicker return to normal activities

Smaller, less noticeable scars

A non-surgical process used to treat contracting of the coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). The procedure uses coronary catheterization to visualise the blood vessels on X-ray imaging, after accessing the blood stream through the femoral or radial artery. Later, an interventional cardiologist can achieve a coronary angioplasty, by using a balloon catheter where a squashed balloon is advanced into the obstructed artery and inflated to release the narrowing; specific devices such as stents can be arranged to keep the blood vessel open. Several other processes can also be achieved.  While coronary artery disease causes heart attack or chest-pain, percutaneous coronary interventions, like angioplasty only, can bring back blood-flow to the heart.

Cardiovascular Engineering inspires novel procedures and technological advancements in the basic understanding, treatment and applications of the cardiovascular diseases & diagnosis. Novel Contributions outline new ideas and applications in cardiovascular mechanics, cardiac and vascular imaging, devices and instrumentation, cardiac assistance, cardiology applications and diagnostic methods, vascular grafts and artificial hearts, cardiac electrophysiology techniques, hemodynamic monitoring and measurements, computer modeling and drug delivery systems.

Molecular cardiology mainly targets to apply molecular biology practices for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and mechanistic investigation of cardiovascular disease is a novel and rapid growing area of cardiovascular medicine. Being an emerging field, it has changed conceptual thinking of disease-etiology, pathophysiology and cardiovascular improvement. It has released a promising path for understanding and regulating cardiovascular disease. Scientists are closer to curing heart diseases that were thought to be incurable 20 years ago with the fast development and application of molecular biology techniques. To endorse the progression of stem cell therapy and gene therapy for heart diseases, obviously there is a necessity for thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases.

An arrhythmia is the irregularity with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly or with an uneven pattern. If the heart beats faster than normal, it is so-called tachycardia. If the heart beats too slowly, it is so-called bradycardia. Another common type of arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation; here an irregular and fast heartbeat occurs. Several factors may affect your heart's rhythm, for example sudden heart attack, congenital heart defects, stress and smoking. Some elements or medications can also cause arrhythmias.

Advances in medicine means that if CHD is detected at an early stage it can be treated successfully to extend the survival rate. Successful treatment is more likely considered if the disease is detected at its earliest stage. Our current research focuses on the early detection of CHD in order to hold or reverse the progress of the disease. The ongoing research work includes the use of scanning of the heart in the early diagnosis of heart disease in diabetics, Development of Nuclear Cardiology techniques for the detection, Drug development and evaluation of treatments, Identification of novel biological markers to predict the presence of heart disease, Analysis of ethnic and socio-economic differences in heart disease.

A clinical cardiologist analyses and treats the disorder that influences the cardiovascular system, which incorporates the heart and the veins. Clinical Cardiology is an American journal on Cardiology which was founded in 1978. It gives a gathering to the coordination of clinical research in diagnostics, cardiovascular medication and cardiovascular surgery. This Cardiac Nursing 2019 scientific program has been CME and CPD ensured. Contextual analyses in Cardiovascular Medicine, should detail a specific medical case broadcasting the background of the patient. In one portion we can discover that Case Study is a useful and explanatory part of every doctor's medical education.

Cardiac regeneration is repair or replacement of damaged heart tissue with many processes such as cutting-edge science, including stem cell and cell-free therapy. The tools which are used have been designed to restore damaged heart tissue and function using the body's natural ability to regenerate. Working together with patients and with providers is the way of finding regenerative solutions that can restore, renew and recycle patients' own reparative capacity.

A Paediatric cardiologist is a paediatrician who has earned valuable training in diagnosing and treating kids' cardiovascular problems. Assessment and treatment may start with the foetus, because, heart problems are now been detected before birth. The division of Paediatric Cardiology oversees the conclusion of innate heart abandons, performing indicative techniques, for example, echocardiograms, cardiovascular catheterizations, and electrophysiology examines, and for the on-going administration of the continuation of heart disease in babies, children and adolescents.

A thorough understanding of cardio-oncology is very essential for the effective treatment of cancer patients. Virtually all antineoplastic agents are related with cardio toxicity. All patients who are being considered for chemotherapy, particularly the individuals who have earlier history of heart sickness ought to experience point by point cardiovascular assessment to advance the treatment. Sequential examination of left ventricular systolic function and cardiac biomarkers might also be considered in the selected populations of patient. Cardio-toxic effects of chemotherapy can be decreased by the frequent use of angiotensin-converting inhibitors of enzyme, angiotensin receptor blockers, or beta-blockers. Antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy may be taken in patients with a potential hyper-coagulable state related with chemotherapy or malignant growth.

A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there whereas embolism is a clot which travels from the site where it formed to another location in the body. Thrombi or emboli can lodge in a blood vessel and block the blood flow in that location preventing the normal blood flow and oxygen. This may result in damage, destruction, or even death of the tissues in that area. Blood clots in deep veins are more dangerous than blood clots in shallow veins close to the skin. 1 in 4 people worldwide are dying due to thrombosis. Treatment can differ from patient to patient but typically includes blood thinning medication to break up clots and prevent new ones from forming.

A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in the studies of heart & its functions & diagnosis, treatment and preventing diseases related to heart and blood vessels. You might also visit a cardiologist, so you can learn about your risk factors for heart disease and find out what measures you can take for better heart health. Cardiology – Future medicine is a field, which is changing rapidly, new technologies as drug-eluting stents, assist devices for left ventricle, and novel inflammatory markers, and imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and 3D echocardiography.

All women face the threat of heart disease. Although heart disease may often be thought as a problem for men, it is also the most common cause of death for women also. Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death among women accounting for ≈1 of every 3 female deaths. According to the current research, by the year 2035, more than 130 million adults in the US population (45.1%) are forecasted to have some form of CVD. Thus, Cardiac Conferences and cardiac Nursing congress initiates the steps for becoming aware of symptoms and risks unique to women, as well as eating a heart-healthy diet and exercising, which can help protect people especially women.

The Interventional Cardiology is the main branch of cardiology that refers the specific Cather based techniques to various structural Heart Diseases, non-surgical procedures for treating cardiovascular disease. Interventional cardiologists use catheters; it is thin, flexible tube to repair damaged vessels or other heart structures, often avoiding the need for Surgery. The most commonly procedures can be perform on heart by Catheterization. It involves the insertion of a sheath into the femoral artery and cannulating the Heart under X-ray visualization. Cardiac catheterization is a test which used to evaluate the coronary arteries and heart valve function.

Heart Disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Diseases under the heart disease includes blood vessel diseases, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (Arrhythmias); and heart defects you're born with (congenital heart defects), among others. Heart disease term is often used interchangeably with the cardiovascular disease. It generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a Heart Failure, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.

The Cardiovascular Diseases affecting the developed world have at their core atherosclerosis and Hypertension, both of which are profoundly affected by diet and can be approached, at least in part, from a nutritional point of view, as can the increasing “epidemic” of obesity. Diet is a multi-component mixture of many nutrients, which may interact with one another. The definitive study of nutrients and their impact on cardiovascular disease can be a daunting enterprise. Many dietary risk factors contribute to these diseases in various environmental and ethnic settings. These risk factors are often in evidence in youth so that preventive measures must be initiated early in life.

Cardiovascular diseases as well as heart condition, arrhythmias and high blood pressure, is that the leading reason for morbidity and mortality globally. The prevention diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are a unit various devastating conditions touching the centre and blood vessels, resulting in high demand for vas medicine. Cardiology disorders embrace in arteria diseases, heart failure and congenital heart defects.

A case report on Cardiology gives an appropriate convention for all cardiologists by rendering their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable experience for clinicians, students and paramedical staff -members. Rare medical reports and conditions discovered through the latest methods of examination are energized. Moreover, studying diagnostic methods from medical cases and the interpretation of symptoms is significant to train and burgeon the thought processes which are being used in the clinical field.

A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplant, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease when other medical or surgical treatments have failed. As of 2018, the most common procedure is to take a functioning heart, with or without transplanting one or both lungs at the same time, from a recently deceased organ donor (brain death is the standard) and implanting it into the patient. The patient's own heart is either removed or replaced with the donor heart (orthotopic procedure) or, much less commonly, the recipient's diseased heart is left in place to support the donor heart (heterotopic, or "piggyback", transplant procedure).

Cardiac nursing is a nursing specialty that works with patients who suffer from various conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as unstable angina, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform postoperative care on a surgical unit, stress test evaluations, cardiac monitoring, vascular monitoring, and health assessments. Cardiac nurses must have Basic Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support certification. In addition, cardiac nurses must possess specialized skills including electrocardiogram monitoring, defibrillation, and medication administration by continuous intravenous drip. Cardiac nurses work in many different environments, including coronary care units (CCU), cardiac catheterization, intensive care units (ICU), operating theatres, cardiac rehabilitation centers, clinical research, cardiac surgery wards, cardiovascular intensive care units (CVICU), and cardiac medical wards.

Many cardiac devices  are designed to help control irregular heartbeats in people with heart rhythm disorders. These irregularities are caused by problems with the heart’s electrical system, which signals the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

Heart failure  is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. In some cases, the heart cannot fill with enough blood. In other cases, the heart cannot pump blood to the rest of the body with enough force. Some people have both problems. Heart failure develops over time, as the heart's pumping action grows weaker. The condition can affect the right side of the heart only, or it can affect both sides of the heart. Most cases involve both sides of the heart. Heart failure is a very common condition. About 5.7 million people in the United States have heart failure. Both children and adults can have the condition, although the symptoms and treatments differ. The Health Topic focuses on heart failure in adults.

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

Paediatric cardiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating heart problems in children. In those children who might need heart surgery, paediatric cardiologists work closely with paediatric heart surgeons to determine the best treatments and interventions. A number of heart conditions can affect children. Some are structural differences they are born with. Others involve the electrical system that controls the heartbeat. Paediatric cardiologists are specially trained to diagnose and manage these problems.

A congenital heart defect  is a problem with the structure of the heart. It is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The defects can involve the walls of the heart, the valves of the heart, and the arteries and veins near the heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart. The blood flow can slow down, go in the wrong direction or to the wrong place, or be blocked completely.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.